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Choosing the Right f-stop for Night Shots with Long Exposure

By using long exposure times for exposing water in movement, its possible to achieve a very nice silky effect. Typically an exposure time of 15-60 sec is enough to turn a moving water surface into a flat silky looking surface.  Depending on the conditions you may need to expose up to a couple of minutes.

To achieve this long exposure time for a night shot, simply by selecting a smaller aperture like f22 and f32, may not be the best solution. Lens diffraction at these apertures has a significant negative influence on the contrast and the sharpness of the final image.

Lower f-stop

You will achieve a much sharper image, if you use a lower f-stop in the range f8  f11. To ensure the right exposure time, try using high quality Neutral Density (ND) filters instead.

The image above shows a zoom into the central part of the image without any image adjustments added.  The same image is shot at both f=8 and f=22. It is obvious using f=22 decrease the sharpness and the local contrast significantly. You can hardly read the Gulf logo.

Tripod and manuel focus

Sometimes, it’s a good idea to make an aperture sweep to learn more about the behavior of a specific lens. It’s necessary to use a very sturdy tripod and manual focus in order to not be influenced by variations in the autofocus system.

The 4 images above are 200% zooms into to central part of an image.  With this zoom level we can see how the lens diffraction effect gradually decreases the sharpness of the image.  At f11 we still have great sharpness, but at f16 an obvious loss of sharpness appears. At f22 we really lose a significant amount of sharpness and local contrast.

Lets take a look at the surface of the water and observe the effect of using long exposure time for the shoot.


In this case, the 15 sec exposure gives the wanted silky look of the water surface. For the best result, I should use a neutral density filter giving a 15 sec exposure at f8 or f11. The image is shot with a wide-angle lens, so there’s be no problem with depth of field when I use f8 or even f5.6.

Clarity Tool

If I don’t have my ND filters with me, and I still want the silky water look from the f22 shot, I use the Clarity tool in Capture One 7. This will help me improve the lost local and also improve quite a bit on the loss of sharpness.

A 100% zoom into the central part of the image.  The Clarity tool from Capture One 7 has been used in the image to the right.  I use Clarity=40 and Structure=20 for this image.  These settings bring back the loss of local contrast and improve the perceived sharpness of the image.

With the Clarity tool we have been able to dramatically improve the loss of quality due to lens diffraction at f22. A better solution to achieve the 15sec exposure time would be to use a high quality ND filter and an aperture between f8 and f11.

All the best,

Niels

Discover the Top Ten Popular Questions from Our Webinars

Art Director: Jennifer Adie – Stylist: Sonia Genders – Hair and Makeup: Cassie Steward – Digital Tech: Paul Haycock
Model – Rebecca Wharton at Industry People – Assistant H&M: Jemma Stokes

Our webinar program was launched last year and so far we have broadcasted sixteen webinars on seven different subjects, reaching 1000’s of you. We aim at making short webinars with a demonstration and a Q&A session to get you started with using the software – or inspired to try it. If you wish to have more in depth training, you can check out our upcoming events or contact your local Phase One Partner through our partner locator, as many of our partners also offer webinars as well and other training options.

We plan to continue with more webinars in 2013 and hope you can join us.  Each webinar always ends with a question and answer session and we thought you might like to see the top ten questions and answers. We hope you can benefit from this information – or maybe get inspired for your next job.

Capture One Webinars

Capture One Pro 7 was launched last October, and we started our webinar program to help everybody get acquainted with the new features and learn how to use the software quickly and efficiently.

Each webinar normally lasts an hour, with the last twenty minutes devoted to questions. Below are the top ten questions we received and the answers given.

Top Ten Questions

1. Is the actual processing of the raw files in Capture One Pro 7 different to version 6?

Absolutely!  We have completely reengineered the algorithms used to convert the RAW image to your final image.  We believe the result is a quantum leap in image quality with better detail, lower noise and more accurate colours.  This is the case for any camera that we support.

2. Should I use Capture One Pro 7 instead of Media Pro?

There are many compelling reasons why you might want to switch from using Media Pro to Capture One Pro 7, as the latter now includes asset management. If you are using Media Pro purely for image files, then think about importing your Media Pro catalog into Capture One. This can be done from the File menu in Capture One.

The asset management in Capture One 7 does not support cataloging of non-image files like PDF documents or using hierarchical keywords. Therefore, if you need those functionalities, sticking with a Capture One and Media Pro integrated workflow might be the solution for you.

3. How do I get my Sessions into a Catalog?  If I make changes to a Session is it reflected in a catalog?

First of all, remember that a Catalog and a Session are two different methods of file management.  See my earlier blog post Take control of your image organization with Sessions or Catalogs for more details.

With Capture One 7.1 we added an Import Session feature, which brings a Session into a Catalog, automatically creating a Project and holding all the Session information.  But to answer the original question, once the Session has been imported, any changes made on the Session itself won’t be changed in the Catalog.  Therefore it is a good idea to use this method for archiving completed Sessions.

4. What is the maximum number of images that can be stored in a Catalog?

There is no theoretical maximum!  However, if you go beyond 100,000 images then you might see a performance slow down.  You can keep your catalog performing nicely if you work with fast storage even if using external drives.  Capture One Pro 7 can also work with multiple Catalogs, so you might like to use more than one Catalog, i.e. one for your work from each year.

5. Can I store images in a Catalog in my own Folder hierarchy?

Yes of course.  If you import images electing to store them at their current location and including all subfolders, the Folders area in the library tool will reflect the folder structure.

6. Do you support my camera?

See a complete list of supported cameras here

7. What other ways can you help me learn Capture One?

There are several ways to continue your learning of Capture One.

1 – Visit our help site for a complete searchable instruction manual

2 – Visit our YouTube channel and watch the many Capture One Pro 7 tutorials

3 – Check out our upcoming events and webinars here

4 – Go to your local Phase One Partner for bespoke training

…and not to forget this blog!

8. Why are the noise reduction settings the same for all cameras?

Each camera we support is individually optimised for noise reduction (amongst other things).  The settings are always 50 and 50 in the Noise reduction tool but the level of noise reduction is camera dependant.  So ‘under the hood’ the level is different.  We keep it at those values so you know that this is our best choice for optimisation and you can choose to adjust it accordingly to your liking.

9. What do the new Clarity methods do?

‘Classic’ is the same process as Capture One Pro 6.  ‘Neutral’ is a new improved version for Capture One 7.  ‘Punch’ works in a similar way to ‘Neutral’ but also increases local colour saturation.

10. Are you planning to add more lenses to your profile list?

Yes. We work very closely with the manufacturers to do so.  Look out for new lenses as we release new versions of Capture One.

Future Webinars

Our upcoming webinar program can be viewed here.  There are links to sign up  for the specific webinars and there are normally two on the same day, for different time zones.

Webinars are also recorded so attendees can view them at a later date for further learning.

You will also get your chance to shape the future webinars by answering a small survey, which we also send out to the attendees.

We hope you have enjoyed the webinars so far and look forward to continuing this exciting program in 2013.  Remember, for more in-depth training; don’t forget to visit your Phase One Partner.

All the best,

Niels

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Desert Oak, Curtin Springs Station

It’s off on an adventure, down an unmarked dirt road through the Kings Creek Station and into Curtin Springs Station. It’s hundreds of square kilometres of remote outback Australia and only a handful of people have access to the track, so we see no one else for the next day until we reach the Lasseter Highway several hundred kilometres south.

Our vehicle is purpose designed for this sort of travel, yet even so we find ourselves bogged at the top of a particularly soft sand dune. No trouble! We bundle off the vehicle, grab the metal boards from the trailer and dig them under the wheels. It doesn’t take us too long to sort it out, but we do unload a few suitcases to make the vehicle lighter. Was that a good idea? Possibly not as we found ourselves carrying our suitcases along the sandy track to the rescued vehicle – it certainly made a comical picture.

Photo2_CR_sharpened

Future sand dunes were approached at higher speed and we only had one more situation to deal with. It certainly made it exciting for a bunch of people used to life in the city, although I dare say our driver Dave was a little unhappy with himself getting bogged the second time!

It’s amazing how much the landscape changes and we soon found ourselves in some beautiful parklands. We sheltered in the shade of desert oaks and set up camp well before sunset, giving us time to prepare our meals and take photographs as the light improved. We all went our separate ways, investigating the surroundings and struggling a little with the complex landscape.

However, once the sun was gone and the stars were out, we discovered a fantasy land right next to our campsite. The red embers from the fire were throwing a warm light on the surrounding trees, contrasting beautifully with the Milky Way above. We tried different exposures from 10 seconds to a couple of minutes, hoping there was not too much breeze moving the delicate leaves.

Screenshot1_630x420_sharpened
Post-Production

Between the shoot and preparing this blog post, Capture One Pro 7 has been released and it was an interesting insight to see just how much better the new version is. Look at the comparison pics below.

Comparison_CR_sharpened

I have done my best to ensure the settings in Capture One for both versions were identical so we have a fair comparison. However, there is some folly in this argument because maybe Capture One 6 (on the left) needs different settings to look its best. Even so, to my eye there was a clear improvement the moment I pressed the ‘Upgrade’ button to change to the new processing engine.

The noise reduction has been handled automatically – I haven’t knowingly tweaked the settings. I mean, this is a pretty tough image to process. Taken on an EOS 60D, I think even Canon would agree that ISO 3200 is towards the limits of the camera’s capability (technically, it can be pushed to ISO 12,800). Give your subject lots of light and the camera will perform miracles, but here the foreground and the tree are either in darkness or lit by the dying embers in a fire some 50 metres away.

Can you see noise and grain? Yep! Do I like it? Yep – I think the image has a really great painterly feeling to it. Is it technically perfect? Who cares! In terms of communicating the amazing stars you see in Australia’s Red Centre, and the enjoyment of camping out in a swag, I think the resulting image does an admirable job. So I’m happy!

Step1_CR_sharpened

There was a colour difference between the top of the tree and the bottom of the tree (see photo above), so I added in a Local Adjustment and adjusted the colour of the top of the tree to match the bottom. Not exactly sure why there was a colour difference in the first place (possibly tall grasses filtering the light from the fire), but it was easy to fix.

Step2_CR_sharpened

Next, I added a second Local Adjustment to lighten the foreground, putting in some detail that doesn’t deserve to be there. It was a 76 second exposure, so the grasses have moved in the evening breeze, but as a descriptive image, I am happy with this.

 

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Masking in Rainbow Valley, Central Australia

Admittedly it is hot. We’ve just stepped off a plane in Alice Springs, out of a safe, air conditioned environment and into the midday heat of Central Australia. The hot air hits you like a wall and, considering it is winter back home, we enjoy the difference just long enough before stepping back into an air conditioned vehicle.

The vehicle is not a bus, nor is it a truck, but a four-wheel drive hybrid with a trailer, designed to carry passengers along rough and remote outback tracks. You don’t want to get stuck in the Outback without being prepared and our vehicle has food and water supplies to last us a week, plus a satellite phone to ensure we have contact with the outside world. Later in the trip, we would be leaving the marked roads and following a pencil sketch on a torn piece of paper through some of Australia’s most inaccessible terrain.

Tonight, however, would be relatively civilized. We were heading to Rainbow Valley just 75 kilometres south of Alice Springs. Rainbow Valley is a part of the James Range, but the ranges in the relatively flat Red Centre are more like hills than mountains. The main feature to photograph is a salt pan sitting in front of a multi-coloured bluff. Some of the most interesting photos have the bluff reflected in water, but today the salt pan is bone dry with a few tumbleweeds scattered along its edges. There hasn’t been significant rain here for many months.

Sunrise is interesting, but you’ll probably find that the bluff is in shadow, whereas at sunset we have the escarpment in full light. And our shadows in the foreground, so we skirt around the edge of the salt pan, looking for some existing shadows to hide in, so our presence isn’t obvious. The other option is to wait for the sun to set and then shoot in the twilight. Central Australia is simply magnificent to shoot at this time of the day and by now, the temperature is very comfortable.

Tonight we will sleep under the stars in a swag. A swag is a large canvas bag with a comfortable mattress, sheets and blankets inside. You can be sure it won’t be raining! You simply pull it off the top of the truck, unroll it and climb inside. It’s like a big sleeping bag and there really is nothing better than lying on your back and looking up at the stars, the camp fire crackling in the background as you drop off to sleep…

However, sleep takes a little longer as we can hear the howls of dingoes in the distance. Our guide is unperturbed, so we take our lead from him and cover up our heads with the flap on the end of the swag. Later that night I wake to the sound of scratching near the fire. The embers are now just a glow and I can see the silhouetted legs of a couple of dingoes, scavenging for an easy meal.

Good thing they don’t eat humans. Often.

Post-Production

Photo1

My image of Rainbow Valley (above) was taken with an Alpa TC, a 23mm Rodenstock Digaron lens and a Phase One IQ180 digital back. I positioned the camera very low and very close to the tumbleweed and took several frames at different focus points, so I can focus stack an image if necessary. However, I quite like the softness on the bluff in the background.

Photo2

After applying some global adjustments to the colour, saturation and cropping, there were two main challenges to deal with and the first was easily solved. The bright sky needed to be balanced with the darker foreground, so I used a Local Adjustment in Capture One Pro 7 with the new Gradient Mask. This allowed me to darken the top of the frame and gradually reduce the effect towards the horizon line (see above).

The second challenge was to allow the tumbleweed to stand out from the cracking mud below. Although the wood in the tumbleweed is partially bleached, it is nevertheless coated with dust and sand, much the same colour as the mud behind. It is well camouflaged.

Photo4

I would like to avoid creating a very fine mask for the tumbleweed itself, so I begin by increasing the colour in the foreground mud (above). I add a Local Adjustment layer and open the Advanced Color Editor. Using the Pick Color Correction eyedropper tool, I click on the mud to select the colour range and then I use the Saturation slider to increase the colour. It helps, but still the tumbleweed blends into the background.

Screen01

I then added a four more Local Adjustments, lightening and darkening the areas surrounding the tumbleweed, but with no real success. It seemed that the only option was to create a fine and complicated mask for the tumbleweed’s branches.

Screen02

This is what I had tried to avoid because creating precise masks can be time consuming, especially if your subject has lots of edges. Like a tumbleweed! I have cheated a little because this version of the image is only going to be 2000 pixels in size, so slight errors in my masking technique won’t be too obvious I hope! However, if you’re wanting to keep your workflow within Capture One, the masking tools are here. In addition to size and hardness, Capture One Pro 7 also has an opacity slider to adjust, so there is very little lacking in the application’s masking capabilities.

With the mask completed, the tumbleweed is lightened to ensure it stands out from the mud. I then went back and refined the other settings to produce the result seen at the beginning of this post.

Cheers,

Peter

Peter Eastway is a professional photographer and photography magazine editor based in Sydney, Australia. If you would like to accompany Peter and Tony Hewitt on a seven day Central Australia ‘Adventures in Oz’ workshop in August 2013, click here for more information.

And if you’d like to see a short movie explaining in more detail how Peter processed this file in Capture One,
click here.

To see more of Peter’s photography, visit www.petereastway.com. Peter also offers an online Landscape Photography MasterClass. It contains articles and videos, outlining his camera and post-production techniques. Details can be found at www.betterphotography.com.

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